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Before a new drug or treatment can be used to treat patients with prostate cancer, extensive clinical testing must be performed in order to consider the proposed medications or treatments are safe for humans.
Clinical trials are used to assess how possible treatments on diseases can affect the human population. Before a new treatment is introduced for human use, research and testing is done on animals and human derived cells (e.g. from a human cadaver). The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitor clinical trials being conducted throughout the United States. The FDA does not have the ability to monitor drugs in the clinical stage outside the United States.
Animal testing for prostate cancer mainly involved the use of dogs during the early stages of prostate cancer research. Now, rats and mice have replaced dogs.
The first doctor to test prostate cancer treatments on animals was Charles B. Huggins.
Dr. Charles Huggins(1901-1997) was a researcher at the University of Chicago. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1966.
Huggins used the anatomy of a dog to test the effects of phosphorus on the male reproductive system. By removal of the testes and reintroducing testosterone back into the system, cancer cells in the prostate gland decreased. Testosterone is a steroid responsible for the growth and development of the male reproductive system. This treatment has been referred to as “Hormone Ablation Therapy.” Hormone Ablation Therapy can be done by surgery or drug administration. Surgery involves removal of the testes to eliminate the production of testosterone. Huggins later concluded that removal of adrenal glands would eliminate further production of DHT (dihydrotestosterone). DHT was found to be a contributory in the production of prostate cancer cells.
Animal research also began to include the use of rats and mice. The reproductive systems of the rat and mouse are closely related to the human reproductive system. Because of this, researchers have been able to reproduce mutant cancer cells. Mice have replicated the PIN(prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia(PIN) lesions and invasive prostate cancer.
While most research facilities are using rats and mice, the use of canines has reemerged in full force. Some researchers believe using mice and rats are not showing enough data to support using these animals models and so are reverting back to the use of canines.
To further promote how animal research can lead the way to finding possible cures and treatments for devastating disease and conditions, foundations and organizations have stepped up their efforts to promote animal research.
In 2001, the Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation began focusing on the benefits of using canines to develop new aggressive treatments to treat prostate cancer in humans as well as animals.
New York based Animal Cancer Foundation has begun funding research projects and developed a list of collected specimens as aid for researchers.
The National Cancer Institute started the “Comparative Oncology Program. This program was developed to study how normal dogs that have been affected by cancer under natural causes (like a family pet) can provide valuable information for researchers who specialize in anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. This program has been successful in training scientists and doctors to become “comparative oncologists”. This movement back towards research on canines has caused bad feelings among animal researchers. Researchers studying cancer in canines want to establish that “they are not inducing cancer in animals but are compassionately treating pet dogs suffering from the same lethal caners that develop naturally in both man and man’s best friend. They are putting our canine companions on the trail of a killer in ways that can save both pets and people.”
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